Isaac Scientific Publishing

Geosciences Research

Determination of Seismic Wave Attenuation for the Garhwal Himalayas, India

Download PDF (1046.4 KB) PP. 105 - 126 Pub. Date: May 15, 2017

DOI: 10.22606/gr.2017.22005

Author(s)

  • Soham Banerjee
    Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
  • Abhishek Kumar*

    Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India

Abstract

Present work determines the seismic wave attenuation characteristics in the Garhwal Himalayan, India. These are obtained based on the attenuations of P, S and coda wave spectra from the recorded seismograms of nearby earthquakes (EQs) with focal depth up to 10 km. Since P and S waves come directly to the site, attenuation of P and S waves in the present study represents the crustal attenuation characteristics of the region whereas coda wave appears from deeper lithospheric regions thus coda wave attenuation represents the attenuation characteristics of deeper lithospheric regions. Above attenuation characteristics are frequency dependent and are shown in terms of the Quality factors (Q) . The average Q − f correlation (Q=Qofη) for P, S and coda waves obtained in the present study are (76±9)f(1.065±0.048), (155±36)f(0.927±0.099) and (101±9)f(1.059±0.036) respectively. Value of Qs/Qp ratio greater than 1 for the study area suggests that the crust beneath this region is composed of dry rocks. In addition, Q − f correlations for coda wave are also determined with the increasing lapse time suggesting that the upper lithosphere of Garhwal Himalayas is more heterogeneous than the lower lithosphere. The obtained Q − f correlations are essential for creating a Ground motion model in this region.

Keywords

Seismic wave attenuation, quality factor, lapse time, scale of heterogeneity.

References

[1] S. A. Fedotov and S. A. Boldyrev, “Frequency dependence of the body wave absorption in the crust and the upper mantle of the Kuril-Island chain”, Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, vol. 9, pp. 17-33, 1969.

[2] A. M. Chandler, N. T. Lam and H. H. Tsang, “Near-surface attenuation modelling based on rock shear-wave velocity profile”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 26, pp. 1004-1014, 2006.

[3] S. Mak, L. S. Chan, A. M. Chandler and R. C. Koo, “Coda Q estimates in the Hong Kong region”, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol. 24, pp. 127-136, 2004.

[4] K. Aki, “Scattering and attenuation of shear waves in the lithosphere”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 85, pp. 6496-6504, 1980a.

[5] A. Jin and K. Aki, “Spatial and temporal correlation between coda and seismicity in China”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 741-769, 1988.

[6] K. Aki and B. Chouet, “Origin of Coda Waves: Source, Attenuation, and Scattering Effects”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 80, no. 23, pp. 3322-3342, 1975.

[7] K. Aki, “Attenuation of shear-waves in the lithosphere for frequencies from 0.05 to 25 Hz”, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol. 21, pp. 50-60, 1980b.

[8] Y. Nakamura and J. Koyama, “Seismic Q of the Lunar Upper Mantle”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 87, no. B6, pp. 4855-4861, 1982.

[9] K. Yoshimoto, H. Sato and M. Ohtake, “Frequency dependent attenuation of P and S waves in the Kanto area, Japan, based on the coda normalization method”, Geophysical Journal International, vol. 114, pp. 165-174, 1993.

[10] K. Yoshimoto, H. Sato, Y. Ito, H. Ito, T. Ohminato and M. Ohtake, “Frequency dependent attenuation of highfrequency P and S waves in upper crust in western Nagano, Japan”, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 153, pp. 489-502, 1998.

[11] T. W. Chung and H. Sato, “Attenuation of High-Frequency P and S Waves in the Crust of Southeastern South Korea”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 1867–1874, 2001.

[12] N. Kumar, I. Parvez and H. Virk, “Estimation of coda wave attenuation for NW Himalayan region using local earthquakes”, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol. 151, pp. 243-258, 2005.

[13] T. Tuve, F. Bianco, J. Ibanez, D. Patane, E. Del Pozzo, and A. Bottari, “Attenuation study in the Straits of Messina area (Southern Italy)”, Tectonophysics, vol. 421, pp. 173-185, 2006.

[14] S. Baruah, D. Hazarika, N. K. Gogoi and P. S. Raju, “The effects of attenuation and site on the spectra of microearthquakes in the Jubilee Hills region of Hyderabad, India”, Journal of Earth System Science, vol. 116, no. 1, 37-47, 2007.

[15] USGS, Available: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/determining_depth.php.

[16] K. Aki, “Analysis of the Seismic Coda of Local Earthquakes as Scattered Waves”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 615-631, 1969.

[17] S. Banerjee and A. Kumar, “Determination of Seismic Wave Attenuation: A Review”, Disaster Advances, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 10-27, 2016.

[18] T. G. Rautian and V. I. Khalturin, “The use of coda for determination of the earthquake source spectrum”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 68, pp. 923-948, 1978.

[19] I. A. Parvez, P. Yadav and K. Nagaraj, “Attenuation of P, S and Coda Waves in the NW-Himalayas, India”, International Journal of Geoscience, vol. 3, pp. 179-191, 2012.

[20] J. J. Pulli, “Attenuation of coda waves in New England”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1149-1166, 1984.

[21] P. Anbazhagan, A. Kumar and T. G. Sitharam, “Site Response Deep Sites in Indo-Gangetic Plain for Different Historic Earthquakes”, Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, San Diego, California, Paper No. 3.21b: 12, San Diego, California, USA, 2010.

[22] P. Anbazhagan, A. Kumar and T. G. Sitharam, “Amplification factor from intensity map and site response analysis for the soil sites during 1999 Chamoli earthquake”, 311-316, CD Proceeding of 3rd Indian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference, New Delhi, India, 2011.

[23] A. Kumar, P. Anbazhagan and T. G. Sitharam, “Site Specific Ground Response Study of Deep Indo-Gangetic Basin Using Representative Regional Ground Motions”, Proceedings of Geo-Congress2012, Oakland, California, (ASCE special Publication), 2012.

[24] Kumar A, Anbazhagan P. and Sitharam T. G., “Seismic Hazard Analysis of Lucknow considering Seismic gaps”, Natural Hazards, vol. 69, pp 327-350, 2013.

[25] PESMOS, Available: http://www.pesmos.in/.

[26] A. Kumar, H. Mittal, R. Sachdeva and A. Kumar, “Indian Strong Motion Instrumentation Network”, Seismological Research Letters, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 59-66, 2012.

[27] Seisan earthquake analysis software manual, Available: http://seisan.info/

[28] J. N. Tripathi, P. Singh and M. L. Sharma, “Attenuation of high-frequency P and S waves in Garhwal Himalaya, India”, Tectonophysics, vol. 636, pp. 216-227, 2014.

[29] J. M. Havskov, B. S?rensen, D. Vales, M. ?zyaz?c?o?lu, G. Sánchez and B. Li “Coda Q in different tectonic areas, influence of processing parameters”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 1- 15, 2016.

[30] M. N. Toksoz, D. H. Johnston and A. Timur, (1979), “Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Dry and Saturated Rocks-I Laboratory Measurements”, Geophysics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 681-690, 1979.

[31] D. H. Johnston, M. N. Toksoz and A. Timur, “Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Dry and Saturated Rocks: I”, Mechanics in Geophysics, vol. 44, pp. 691-711, 1979.

[32] S. Mochizuki, “Attenuation in Partially Saturated Rocks”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 87, no. B10, pp. 8598-8604, 1982.

[33] K. W. Winkler and A. Nur, “Seismic Attenuation Effects of Pore Fluids and Frictional Sliding”, Geophysics, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 1982.

[34] M. Vassiliou, C. A. Salvado and B. R. Tittmann, “Seismic Attenuation In CRC Hand-book of Physical Properties of Rocks (ed. Carmichael R.)”, CRC Press., Florida, 1982, pp. 295-328.

[35] T. Rautian, V. Khalturin, V. Martynov and P. Molnar, “Preliminary analysis of the spectral content of P and S waves from local earthquakes in the Garm, Tadjikistan region”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 68, pp. 949-971, 1978.

[36] B. Sharma, S. S. Teotia, D. Kumar and P. S. Raju, “Attenuation of P and S Waves in the Chamoli Region, Himalaya, India”, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 166, no. 12, pp. 1949-1966, 2009.

[37] S. Chopra, B. K. Rastogi and D. Kumar, “Attenuation of High Frequency P and S Waves in the Gujarat Region, India”, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 168, no. 5, pp. 797-781, 2010.

[38] B. Sharma, S. S. Teotia and D. Kumar, “Attenuation of P, S and Coda Waves in Koyna Region, India”, Journal of Seismology, vol. 11, no.3, pp. 327-344, 2007.

[39] L. B. Kvamme and J. Havskov, “Q in Southern Norway”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 1575-1588, 1989.

[40] A. K. Abdel-Fattah, “Attenuation of body waves in the crust beneath the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan area (Egypt) using coda normalization method”, Geophysical Journal International, vol. 176, pp. 126-134, 2009.

[41] P. Mandal and B. K. Rastogi, “A frequency dependent relation of coda Q for Koyna-Warna Region, India”, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 153, pp. 163–177, 1998.

[42] S. Mukhopadhyay and C. Tyagi, “Lapse time and frequency-dependent attenuation characteristics of coda waves in the Northwestern Himalayas”, Journal of Seismology, vol. 11, pp. 149–158, 2007.

[43] A. K. Gupta, A. K. Sutar, S. Chopra, S. Kumar and B. K. Rastogi, “Attenuation characteristics of coda waves in mainland Gujarat (India)”, Tectonophysics, vol. 530-531, pp. 264-271, 2012.

[44] M. Hellweg, P. Spandich, J. B. Fletcher and L. M. Baker, “Stability of Coda Q in the region of Parkfield, California: view from the U.S. geological survey Parkfield dense seismograph array”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 100, pp. 2089–2102, 1995.

[45] L. Malagnini, R. Herrmann, and M. Di-Bona, “Ground-motion scaling in the Apennines (Italy)”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 1062–1081, 2000.

[46] S. W. Roecker, B. Tucker, J. King and D. Hartzfeld, “Estimates of in Central Asia as a function of frequency and depth using the coda of locally recorded earthquakes”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 72, pp. 129–149, 1982.

[47] J. Wilkie and G. Gibson, “Estimation of seismic quality factor (Q) for Victoria, Australia”, AGSO journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 511–517, 1995.

[48] P. Anbazhagan, A. Kumar and T. G. Sitharam, “Ground Motion Predictive Equation Based on recorded and Simulated Ground Motion Database”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 53, pp 92-108, 2013.

[49] A. Kumar, “Seismic microzonation of Lucknow based on region specific GMPE’s and geotechnical field studies”, PhD Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2013.

[50] J. N. Brune, “Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 75, pp. 4997-5009, 1970.

[51] D. M. Boore and G. Atkinson, “Stochastic prediction of ground motion and spectral response parameters at hard-rock sites in eastern north America”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 73, pp. 1865-1894, 1987.

[52] D. M. Boore, “Stochastic simulation of high frequency ground motions based on seismological model of the radiated spectra”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 1865-1894, 1983.

[53] T. C. Hanks and R. K. McGuire, “The character of high-frequency strong ground motion”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 2071-2095, 1981.

[54] N. T. Lam, J. Wilson and G. Hutchinson, “Generation of synthetic earthquake accelerograms using seismological modelling: A Review”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 321-354, 2000.